Code
Source code for our water tracer-enabled version of CESM
- This code allows for the tagging and tracking of the individual components of evapotranspiration (transpiration, canopy evaporation, ground/open water evaporation). Please cite Harrington et al. (2023) and/or Skinner et al. (2023) when using this version of CESM.
Publications
* denotes work led by a student from the Climate System Dynamics group
Under Review/Accepted
Arellano NL, Beverly EJ, Skinner CB, Triple oxygen isotopes in Texas precipitation reveal variability in the nature and timing of secondary evaporation, in review.
*Fallah A, Barlow M, Basara J, Kooperman GJ, Kohane C, Skinner CB, The impact of CO2-driven vegetation changes on the future of flash drought, in review.
Skinner CB, Touma D, Barlow M, Singh D, King T, Observed changes in the spatial extent of heat waves, in review.
Baek H, Lora JM, Skinner CB, Fu M, Zhu J, Atmospheric and oceanic energy transport during North Atlantic freshening events: influences of moisture transport and hydrologic cycle feedbacks, accepted.
Coe D, Barlow M, Agel L, Colby F, Skinner CB, Douglas E, Spring Season Circulation Evolution and Relation to Extreme Events in the Northeast U.S., in review.
Sylla MB, Giorgi F, Ashfaq M, Tall M, Dajuma A, Dosio A, Diedhiou A, Panthou G, Houteta DK, Giannini A, Skinner CB, Nicholson S, Taylor C, Ali A, Kaire M, Ndiaye O, Fink A, Observed and projected climate change over West Africa and their implications for climate services, in review.
Published
Cornish AE, Kooperman GJ, Grundstein AJ, Skinner CB, Swann ALS (2025), The Impacts of Plant-Physiological Responses to Rising CO2 on Humidity Driven Extreme Heat, npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, 8(167), https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-025-01018-8.
Agel L, Barlow M, Skinner CB, Karmalkar A (2025), Drought Weather in the Northeast U.S., Journal of Climate, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-24-0280.1.
Swain DL, Abatzoglou JT, Albano C, Brunner M, Diffenbaugh NS, Kolden C, Prein A, Singh D, Skinner CB, Swetnam T, Touma D (2025), Increasing Hydroclimate Whiplash Can Amplify Wildfire Risk in a Warming Climate, Global Change Biology, 31(2), e70075, https://doi/10.1111/gcb.70075.
Swain DL, Prein AF, Abatzoglou JT, Albano C, Brunner M, Diffenbaugh NS, Singh D, Skinner CB, Touma D (2025), Hydroclimate Volatility on a Warming Earth, Nature Reviews Earth and Environment, 6(1), http://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-024-00624-z.
Rush W, Lora JM, Skinner CB, et al. (2025), Atmospheric River Detection Under Changing Seasonality and Mean-State Climate: ARTMIP Tier 2 Paleoclimate Experiments, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 130(1), e2024JD042222, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD042222.
Arellano NL, Beverly EJ, Riavo Voarintsoa N, Skinner CB, Schauer AJ, Steig EJ (2024), Triple oxygen isotope variability of precipitation in a tropical mountainous region, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 385, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2024.09.024.
*Fallah A, Barlow M, Agel L, Kim J, Mankin J, Mocko DM, Skinner CB (2024), Impact of Vegetation Assimilation on Flash Drought Characteristics Across the Continental United States. Journal of Hydrometeorology, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-23-0219.1.
Oster J, Macarewich S, Lofverstrom M, de Wet C, Montañez I, Lora JM, Skinner CB, Tabor C (2023), North Atlantic meltwater during Heinrich Stadial 1 drives wetter climate with more atmospheric rivers in western North America. Science Advances, 9(46), eadj2226, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adj2225.
Skinner CB, Harrington TS, Barlow M, Agel L (2023), The contribution of precipitation recycling to North American wet and dry precipitation extremes. Environmental Research: Climate, 2(4), 045010, https://doi.org/10.1088/2752-5295/acffea
Lora JM, Skinner CB, Rush W, Baek S (2023), The hydrologic cycle and atmospheric rivers in CESM2 simulations of the Last Glacial Maximum. Geophysical Research Letters, 50(18), e2023GL104805, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL104805
*Harrington TS, Nusbaumer J, Skinner CB (2023), The contribution of transpiration, ground evaporation, and canopy evaporation to local and remote precipitation across North America. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 128, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JD037290
-- Highlighted as a top 10% most viewed article one year after publication in JGR Atmospheres
Skinner CB, Lora JM, Tabor CR, Zhu J (2023), Atmospheric river contributions to ice sheet hydroclimate at the Last Glacial Maximum. Geophysical Research Letters, 50(1), e2022GL101750, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL101750.
Thompson AJ, Zhu J, Poulsen CJ, Tierney J, Skinner CB (2022), Northern hemisphere vegetation drives a Holocene thermal maximum. Science Advances, https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abj6535.
Singh J, Ashfaq M, Skinner CB, Anderson WB, Mishra V, Singh D (2022), Enhanced risk of concurrent regional droughts with increased ENSO variability and warming. Nature Climate Change, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-021-01276-3.
Pagsuyoin SA, Salcedo G, Santos JR, Skinner CB (2022), Pandemic wave trends in COVID-19 cases, mobility reduction, and climate parameters in major metropolitan areas in the United States. Environment Systems and Decisions, 42 (3), 350-361, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10669-022-09865-z.
Coe D, Barlow M, Agel L, Colby F, Skinner CB, Qian JH (2021), Clustering analysis of autumn weather regimes in the Northeast U.S. Journal of Climate, 34, 18, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0243.1.
Agel L, Barlow M, Skinner CB, Colby F, Cohen J (2021), Four distinct Northeast US heat wave circulation patterns: associated mechanisms, trends, and electric usage. npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, 4, 31, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-021-00186-7.
*Harrington TS, Zhu J, Skinner CB (2021), Terrestrial sources of summer Arctic moisture and the implication for Arctic temperature patterns. npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, 4, 25, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-021-00181-y.
Singh J, Ashfaq M, Skinner CB, Anderson WB, Singh D (2021), Amplified risk of spatially compounding droughts during co-occurrences of modes of natural ocean variability. npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, 4, 7, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-021-00161-2.
Thompson AJ, Tabor CR, Poulsen CJ, Skinner CB (2021), Water isotopic constraints on the enhancement of the mid-Holocene West African monsoon. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116677.
Skinner CB, Lora JM, Payne AE, Poulsen CJ (2020) Atmospheric river changes shaped mid-latitude hydroclimate since the mid-Holocene. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 541, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116293.
Thompson AJ, Skinner CB, Poulsen CJ, Zhu J (2019) Modulation of mid-Holocene African rainfall by dust aerosol direct and indirect effects. Geophysical Research Letters, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL081225.
Skinner CB, Poulsen CJ, Mankin JS (2018) Amplification of heat extremes by plant CO2 physiological forcing. Nature Communications, 9, doi:10.1038/s41467-018-03472-w.
Chadwick R, Douville H, Skinner CB (2017) Timeslice experiments for understanding regional climate projections: Applications to the tropical hydrological cycle and European winter circulation. Climate Dynamics, doi:10.1007/s00382-016-3488-6.
Webb MJ, Andrews T, Bodas-Salcedo A, Bony S, Bretherton CS, Chadwick R, Chepfer H, Douville H, Good P, Kay JE, Klein SA, Marchand R, Medeiros B, Siebesma AP, Skinner CB, Stevens B, Tselioudis G, Tsushima Y, and Watanabe M (2017)
The Cloud Feedback Model Intercomparison Project (CFMIP) contribution to CMIP6. Geoscientific Model Development, 10(1), 359-384, doi:10.5194/gmd-10-359-2017.
Skinner CB, Poulsen CJ, Chadwick R, Diffenbaugh NS, Fiorella RP (2017) The role of plant CO2 physiological forcing in shaping future daily-scale precipitation. Journal of Climate, 30, 2319-2340, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-1606031.
Skinner CB, Poulsen CJ (2016) The role of fall season tropical plumes in enhancing Saharan rainfall during the African Humid Period. Geophysical Research Letters, 43, 349-358, doi:10.1002/2015GL066318.
Horton DE, Skinner CB, Singh D, Diffenbaugh NS (2014) Occurrence and persistence of future atmospheric stagnation events. Nature Climate Change, 4(8), 698-703, doi:10.1038/nclimate2272.
Skinner CB, Diffenbaugh NS (2014) Projected changes in African easterly wave intensity and track in response to greenhouse forcing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111, 6882- 6887, doi:10.1073/pnas.1319597111.
-- Highlighted in Nowcast News and Notes, BAMS, 95(8).
Skinner CB, Diffenbaugh NS (2013) The contribution of African easterly waves to monsoon precipitation in the CMIP3 ensemble. Journal of Geophysical Research – Atmospheres, 118(9), 3590– 3609, doi:10.1002/jgrd.50363.
Skinner CB, Ashfaq M, Diffenbaugh NS (2012) Influence of 21st century atmospheric and sea surface temperature forcing on West African climate. Journal of Climate, 25(2), 527-542, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011JCLI4183.1.
Ashfaq M, Skinner CB, Diffenbaugh NS (2010) Influence of SST biases on future climate change projections. Climate Dynamics, 36(7-8), 1303-1319, doi:10.1007/s00382-010-0875-2.
Skinner CB, DeGaetano A, Chabot B (2010) Implications of 21st century climate change on northeastern United States maple syrup production: impacts and adaptations. Climatic Change, 100(3-4), 685-702, doi:10.1007/s10584-009-9685-0.
Under Review/Accepted
Arellano NL, Beverly EJ, Skinner CB, Triple oxygen isotopes in Texas precipitation reveal variability in the nature and timing of secondary evaporation, in review.
*Fallah A, Barlow M, Basara J, Kooperman GJ, Kohane C, Skinner CB, The impact of CO2-driven vegetation changes on the future of flash drought, in review.
Skinner CB, Touma D, Barlow M, Singh D, King T, Observed changes in the spatial extent of heat waves, in review.
Baek H, Lora JM, Skinner CB, Fu M, Zhu J, Atmospheric and oceanic energy transport during North Atlantic freshening events: influences of moisture transport and hydrologic cycle feedbacks, accepted.
Coe D, Barlow M, Agel L, Colby F, Skinner CB, Douglas E, Spring Season Circulation Evolution and Relation to Extreme Events in the Northeast U.S., in review.
Sylla MB, Giorgi F, Ashfaq M, Tall M, Dajuma A, Dosio A, Diedhiou A, Panthou G, Houteta DK, Giannini A, Skinner CB, Nicholson S, Taylor C, Ali A, Kaire M, Ndiaye O, Fink A, Observed and projected climate change over West Africa and their implications for climate services, in review.
Published
Cornish AE, Kooperman GJ, Grundstein AJ, Skinner CB, Swann ALS (2025), The Impacts of Plant-Physiological Responses to Rising CO2 on Humidity Driven Extreme Heat, npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, 8(167), https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-025-01018-8.
Agel L, Barlow M, Skinner CB, Karmalkar A (2025), Drought Weather in the Northeast U.S., Journal of Climate, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-24-0280.1.
Swain DL, Abatzoglou JT, Albano C, Brunner M, Diffenbaugh NS, Kolden C, Prein A, Singh D, Skinner CB, Swetnam T, Touma D (2025), Increasing Hydroclimate Whiplash Can Amplify Wildfire Risk in a Warming Climate, Global Change Biology, 31(2), e70075, https://doi/10.1111/gcb.70075.
Swain DL, Prein AF, Abatzoglou JT, Albano C, Brunner M, Diffenbaugh NS, Singh D, Skinner CB, Touma D (2025), Hydroclimate Volatility on a Warming Earth, Nature Reviews Earth and Environment, 6(1), http://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-024-00624-z.
Rush W, Lora JM, Skinner CB, et al. (2025), Atmospheric River Detection Under Changing Seasonality and Mean-State Climate: ARTMIP Tier 2 Paleoclimate Experiments, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 130(1), e2024JD042222, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD042222.
Arellano NL, Beverly EJ, Riavo Voarintsoa N, Skinner CB, Schauer AJ, Steig EJ (2024), Triple oxygen isotope variability of precipitation in a tropical mountainous region, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 385, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2024.09.024.
*Fallah A, Barlow M, Agel L, Kim J, Mankin J, Mocko DM, Skinner CB (2024), Impact of Vegetation Assimilation on Flash Drought Characteristics Across the Continental United States. Journal of Hydrometeorology, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-23-0219.1.
Oster J, Macarewich S, Lofverstrom M, de Wet C, Montañez I, Lora JM, Skinner CB, Tabor C (2023), North Atlantic meltwater during Heinrich Stadial 1 drives wetter climate with more atmospheric rivers in western North America. Science Advances, 9(46), eadj2226, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adj2225.
Skinner CB, Harrington TS, Barlow M, Agel L (2023), The contribution of precipitation recycling to North American wet and dry precipitation extremes. Environmental Research: Climate, 2(4), 045010, https://doi.org/10.1088/2752-5295/acffea
Lora JM, Skinner CB, Rush W, Baek S (2023), The hydrologic cycle and atmospheric rivers in CESM2 simulations of the Last Glacial Maximum. Geophysical Research Letters, 50(18), e2023GL104805, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL104805
- Data Access: https://zenodo.org/record/8327272
*Harrington TS, Nusbaumer J, Skinner CB (2023), The contribution of transpiration, ground evaporation, and canopy evaporation to local and remote precipitation across North America. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 128, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JD037290
-- Highlighted as a top 10% most viewed article one year after publication in JGR Atmospheres
Skinner CB, Lora JM, Tabor CR, Zhu J (2023), Atmospheric river contributions to ice sheet hydroclimate at the Last Glacial Maximum. Geophysical Research Letters, 50(1), e2022GL101750, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL101750.
- Data Access: https://zenodo.org/record/7339985#.Y34nKy-B2gR
Thompson AJ, Zhu J, Poulsen CJ, Tierney J, Skinner CB (2022), Northern hemisphere vegetation drives a Holocene thermal maximum. Science Advances, https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abj6535.
Singh J, Ashfaq M, Skinner CB, Anderson WB, Mishra V, Singh D (2022), Enhanced risk of concurrent regional droughts with increased ENSO variability and warming. Nature Climate Change, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-021-01276-3.
Pagsuyoin SA, Salcedo G, Santos JR, Skinner CB (2022), Pandemic wave trends in COVID-19 cases, mobility reduction, and climate parameters in major metropolitan areas in the United States. Environment Systems and Decisions, 42 (3), 350-361, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10669-022-09865-z.
Coe D, Barlow M, Agel L, Colby F, Skinner CB, Qian JH (2021), Clustering analysis of autumn weather regimes in the Northeast U.S. Journal of Climate, 34, 18, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0243.1.
Agel L, Barlow M, Skinner CB, Colby F, Cohen J (2021), Four distinct Northeast US heat wave circulation patterns: associated mechanisms, trends, and electric usage. npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, 4, 31, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-021-00186-7.
*Harrington TS, Zhu J, Skinner CB (2021), Terrestrial sources of summer Arctic moisture and the implication for Arctic temperature patterns. npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, 4, 25, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-021-00181-y.
Singh J, Ashfaq M, Skinner CB, Anderson WB, Singh D (2021), Amplified risk of spatially compounding droughts during co-occurrences of modes of natural ocean variability. npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, 4, 7, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-021-00161-2.
Thompson AJ, Tabor CR, Poulsen CJ, Skinner CB (2021), Water isotopic constraints on the enhancement of the mid-Holocene West African monsoon. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116677.
Skinner CB, Lora JM, Payne AE, Poulsen CJ (2020) Atmospheric river changes shaped mid-latitude hydroclimate since the mid-Holocene. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 541, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116293.
Thompson AJ, Skinner CB, Poulsen CJ, Zhu J (2019) Modulation of mid-Holocene African rainfall by dust aerosol direct and indirect effects. Geophysical Research Letters, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL081225.
Skinner CB, Poulsen CJ, Mankin JS (2018) Amplification of heat extremes by plant CO2 physiological forcing. Nature Communications, 9, doi:10.1038/s41467-018-03472-w.
Chadwick R, Douville H, Skinner CB (2017) Timeslice experiments for understanding regional climate projections: Applications to the tropical hydrological cycle and European winter circulation. Climate Dynamics, doi:10.1007/s00382-016-3488-6.
Webb MJ, Andrews T, Bodas-Salcedo A, Bony S, Bretherton CS, Chadwick R, Chepfer H, Douville H, Good P, Kay JE, Klein SA, Marchand R, Medeiros B, Siebesma AP, Skinner CB, Stevens B, Tselioudis G, Tsushima Y, and Watanabe M (2017)
The Cloud Feedback Model Intercomparison Project (CFMIP) contribution to CMIP6. Geoscientific Model Development, 10(1), 359-384, doi:10.5194/gmd-10-359-2017.
Skinner CB, Poulsen CJ, Chadwick R, Diffenbaugh NS, Fiorella RP (2017) The role of plant CO2 physiological forcing in shaping future daily-scale precipitation. Journal of Climate, 30, 2319-2340, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-1606031.
Skinner CB, Poulsen CJ (2016) The role of fall season tropical plumes in enhancing Saharan rainfall during the African Humid Period. Geophysical Research Letters, 43, 349-358, doi:10.1002/2015GL066318.
Horton DE, Skinner CB, Singh D, Diffenbaugh NS (2014) Occurrence and persistence of future atmospheric stagnation events. Nature Climate Change, 4(8), 698-703, doi:10.1038/nclimate2272.
Skinner CB, Diffenbaugh NS (2014) Projected changes in African easterly wave intensity and track in response to greenhouse forcing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111, 6882- 6887, doi:10.1073/pnas.1319597111.
-- Highlighted in Nowcast News and Notes, BAMS, 95(8).
Skinner CB, Diffenbaugh NS (2013) The contribution of African easterly waves to monsoon precipitation in the CMIP3 ensemble. Journal of Geophysical Research – Atmospheres, 118(9), 3590– 3609, doi:10.1002/jgrd.50363.
Skinner CB, Ashfaq M, Diffenbaugh NS (2012) Influence of 21st century atmospheric and sea surface temperature forcing on West African climate. Journal of Climate, 25(2), 527-542, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011JCLI4183.1.
Ashfaq M, Skinner CB, Diffenbaugh NS (2010) Influence of SST biases on future climate change projections. Climate Dynamics, 36(7-8), 1303-1319, doi:10.1007/s00382-010-0875-2.
Skinner CB, DeGaetano A, Chabot B (2010) Implications of 21st century climate change on northeastern United States maple syrup production: impacts and adaptations. Climatic Change, 100(3-4), 685-702, doi:10.1007/s10584-009-9685-0.